Table 3 Changes in incidence, prevalence, and DALYs number for low back pain among WAP according to population-level determinants and causes from 1990 to 2021

Global

66624803.7(52.9%)

14279412.5(11.3%)

70264315(55.8%)

−17918923.8(−14.2%)

156203830.9(52.7%)

35850602.7(12.1%)

Sex

Female

42467165.1(55.9%)

8946356.0(11.8%)

43186414(56.9%)

−9665605.3(−12.7%)

99655975.5(54.8%)

22816031.4(12.6%)

Male

24157638.6(48.3%)

5414634.1(10.8%)

27231561(54.5%)

−8488556.1(−17.0%)

56547855.3(49.2%)

13269742.1(11.6%)

Sociodemographic Index

High SDI

6267956.2(19.6%)

2446664.8(7.7%)

6873936(21.5%)

−3052645.2(−9.5%)

14971634.3(19.4%)

6495952.3(8.4%)

High-middle SDI

7370772.1(25.1%)

4618832.5(15.7%)

7609904(25.9%)

−4857964.0(−16.5%)

17340350.6(25.0%)

11493828.5(16.6%)

Middle SDI

22136448.9(66.1%)

6651040.9(19.9%)

19021849(56.8%)

−3536441.4(−10.6%)

51985042.0(67.1%)

16372971.5(21.1%)

Low-middle SDI

19975295.8(89.6%)

1833292.5(8.2%)

20091040(90.1%)

−1949036.5(−8.7%)

46827340.2(89.7%)

4544071.4(8.7%)

Low SDI

10841173.0(126.0%)

−157362.7(−1.8%)

11823242(137.4%)

−824705.9(−9.6%)

25003103.3(124.6%)

−395033.3(−2.0%)

Region

Andean Latin America

676358.7(118.6%)

80276.2(14.1%)

595463(104.4%)

619.6(0.1%)

1547007.6(119.0%)

193130.5(14.9%)

Australasia

392756.7(46.6%)

56227.2(6.7%)

408309(48.5%)

−71779.3(−8.5%)

941923.6(45.6%)

154475.6(7.5%)

Caribbean

356988.6(56.9%)

78753.9(12.6%)

290114(46.2%)

−11879.7(−1.9%)

829644.8(57.4%)

193754.0(13.4%)

Central Asia

1141892.9(67.7%)

228672.9(13.6%)

924822(54.8%)

−11601.7(−0.7%)

2686428.8(68.8%)

553606.3(14.2%)

Central Europe

−186079.6(−3.5%)

407860.2(7.6%)

−487239(−9.0%)

−106700.5(−2.0%)

−476280.1(−3.5%)

1116590.9(8.3%)

Central Latin America

3282230.5(101.8%)

475152.5(14.7%)

2728934(84.6%)

78144.4(2.4%)

7929706.0(104.3%)

1247765.0(16.4%)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

1481933.9(159.0%)

12421.1(1.3%)

1524742(163.6%)

−55229.0(−5.9%)

3407201.5(158.4%)

31204.0(1.5%)

East Asia

6735811.3(27.5%)

6770393.0(27.6%)

5620537(22.9%)

−5655118.5(−23.1%)

15629364.0(27.9%)

16343441.9(29.1%)

Eastern Europe

−428646.7(−4.9%)

662102.4(7.6%)

−814979(−9.3%)

−275770.1(−3.2%)

−1108369.1(−5.3%)

1689042.7(8.0%)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

4235631.3(139.5%)

−5466.0(−0.2%)

4430427(145.9%)

−189329.4(−6.2%)

9727293.4(139.1%)

−13103.5(−0.2%)

High-income Asia Pacific

−248796.8(−3.6%)

560634.8(8.2%)

−222858(−3.3%)

−586573.3(−8.5%)

−641578.4(−3.9%)

1481074.7(8.9%)

High-income North America

2781686.2(25.3%)

685539.8(6.2%)

3213171(29.2%)

−1117024.4(−10.2%)

6686419.2(25.3%)

1951489.1(7.4%)

North Africa and Middle East

9432898.6(127.9%)

836679.5(11.3%)

8886072(120.5%)

−289852.6(−3.9%)

22624482.2(127.7%)

2114068.3(11.9%)

Oceania

142781.5(139.1%)

9904.1(9.7%)

134255(130.8%)

−1377.4(−1.3%)

329158.2(140.5%)

24436.6(10.4%)

South Asia

18833890.4(87.7%)

1873842.2(8.7%)

20324612(94.6%)

−3364563.8(−15.7%)

43377932.0(86.7%)

4605045.7(9.2%)

Southeast Asia

6783052.0(93.8%)

1420501.0(19.7%)

5523700(76.4%)

−161149.4(−2.2%)

16105282.1(97.3%)

3572986.0(21.6%)

Southern Latin America

804470.0(53.0%)

82579.8(5.4%)

737618(48.6%)

−15728.0(−1.0%)

1934988.9(54.2%)

218204.8(6.1%)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

715026.9(86.7%)

128796.0(15.6%)

638445(77.4%)

−52213.6(−6.3%)

1647473.6(87.7%)

304782.7(16.2%)

Tropical Latin America

3422770.2(88.3%)

584966.5(15.1%)

2823109(72.9%)

14694.3(0.4%)

8505633.4(91.9%)

1515874.1(16.4%)

Western Europe

1609464.8(12.3%)

971914.8(7.4%)

1116022(8.6%)

−478472.0(−3.7%)

3839299.2(12.3%)

2436353.0(7.8%)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

4658682.4(155.7%)

−67264.7(−2.3%)

4853627(162.2%)

−127679.7(−4.3%)

10680820.2(156.3%)

−159387.6(−2.3%)

Global

165463141(55.8%)

−45109912.6(−15.2%)

17736120.2(52.5%)

4096137.7(12.1%)

18830502(55.8%)

−5190519.1(−15.4%)

Sex

Female

103064347(56.7%)

−26224403.3(−14.4%)

11212677.0(54.5%)

2590214.6(12.6%)

11647543(56.7%)

−3025080.2(−14.7%)

Male

62789924(54.7%)

−19511810.6(−17.0%)

6523443.1(49.4%)

1531957.2(11.6%)

7225930(54.7%)

−2234444.2(−16.9%)

Sociodemographic Index

High SDI

16592086(21.5%)

−8116403.7(−10.5%)

1668318.5(18.9%)

739670.0(8.4%)

1892067(21.4%)

−963418.2(−10.9%)

High-middle SDI

17934475(25.9%)

−12087952.7(−17.5%)

1996917.5(25.3%)

1315210.7(16.6%)

2049371(25.9%)

−1367664.4(−17.3%)

Middle SDI

44197818(57.0%)

−8585747.3(−11.1%)

5916391.3(66.8%)

1878674.0(21.2%)

5045662(57.0%)

−1007944.3(−11.4%)

Low-middle SDI

47068944(90.1%)

−4785675.6(−9.2%)

5308197.5(90.1%)

516436.7(8.8%)

5315992(90.2%)

−524231.2(−8.9%)

Low SDI

27493545(137.0%)

−2095408.9(−10.4%)

2837546.8(125.8%)

−43541.1(−1.9%)

3098024(137.4%)

−216936.2(−9.6%)

Region

Andean Latin America

1358926(104.5%)

−5048.7(−0.4%)

176522.7(119.0%)

22349.6(15.1%)

155082(104.5%)

−909.1(−0.6%)

Australasia

997931(48.3%)

−210482.6(−10.2%)

107741.6(46.0%)

17775.5(7.6%)

113276(48.4%)

−23309.9(−10.0%)

Caribbean

669346(46.3%)

−33455.4(−2.3%)

93632.1(56.9%)

22201.5(13.5%)

76079(46.3%)

−4648.3(−2.8%)

Central Asia

2148383(55.0%)

−15560.8(−0.4%)

307564.6(68.9%)

63956.8(14.3%)

245576(55.0%)

−1967.8(−0.4%)

Central Europe

−1220963(−9.0%)

−371908.4(−2.8%)

−49995.9(−3.2%)

127020.5(8.2%)

−139237(−9.0%)

−37779.6(−2.5%)

Central Latin America

6475690(85.2%)

206250.9(2.7%)

900120.4(104.2%)

142269.9(16.5%)

735981(85.2%)

21869.1(2.5%)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

3514748(163.4%)

−138750.5(−6.5%)

386387.0(160.8%)

3644.0(1.5%)

394308(164.1%)

−11564.8(−4.8%)

East Asia

12907598(23.0%)

−13621676.2(−24.3%)

1817569.9(28.1%)

1889792.3(29.2%)

1490214(23.0%)

−1562436.9(−24.1%)

Eastern Europe

−1960512(−9.3%)

−836900.1(−4.0%)

−126380.6(−5.3%)

189517.7(7.9%)

−221661(−9.3%)

−94237.3(−4.0%)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

10193259(145.8%)

−452861.7(−6.5%)

1106720.5(140.4%)

−955.9(−0.1%)

1152322(146.2%)

−44645.5(−5.7%)

High-income Asia Pacific

−540699(−3.2%)

−1581953.9(−9.5%)

−70393.1(−3.7%)

172534.2(9.0%)

−62351(−3.3%)

−180576.7(−9.4%)

High-income North America

7738561(29.2%)

−3003630.8(−11.3%)

718021.7(23.8%)

215403.0(7.2%)

875948(29.1%)

−373329.2(−12.4%)

North Africa and Middle East

21335162(120.4%)

−824747.7(−4.7%)

2561396.3(127.4%)

246260.5(12.3%)

2419449(120.4%)

−104313.1(−5.2%)

Oceania

307285(131.2%)

−2563.0(−1.1%)

37588.8(140.8%)

2814.1(10.5%)

35046(131.2%)

−271.4(−1.0%)

South Asia

47232299(94.4%)

−8459412.7(−16.9%)

4897697.1(87.1%)

518221.3(9.2%)

5315175(94.5%)

−935699.1(−16.6%)

Southeast Asia

12769286(77.1%)

−236989.7(−1.4%)

1858414.5(97.9%)

411992.4(21.7%)

1466548(77.3%)

−20126.1(−1.1%)

Southern Latin America

1743113(48.8%)

−26328.7(−0.7%)

219272.0(53.9%)

25117.3(6.2%)

198321(48.8%)

−4166.2(−1.0%)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

1458319(77.6%)

−115628.4(−6.2%)

181445.4(85.4%)

34313.5(16.2%)

163910(77.2%)

−16777.7(−7.9%)

Tropical Latin America

6813747(73.6%)

176012.7(1.9%)

956884.7(91.8%)

171006.1(16.4%)

767463(73.6%)

18415.9(1.8%)

Western Europe

2667401(8.6%)

−1264454.6(−4.1%)

438668.6(12.3%)

279693.1(7.9%)

304323(8.6%)

−145347.4(−4.1%)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

11097412(162.4%)

−257203.9(−3.8%)

1217242.1(157.7%)

−17935.9(−2.3%)

1256775(162.9%)

−21597.0(−2.8%)