Table 4 Injection Characteristics

Young et al. [45]

1 – 40 mg triamcinolone + 2 mg bupivacaine (3 ml),

2 – 40 mg triamcinolone + 2 mg bupivacaine + 6 ml sterile water (9 ml)

Qvistgaard et al. [41]

1 – 1 × 1 mL (40 mg Depo-medrol®) methylprednisolone CS followed by 2 × sham injections

2 – 3 × 2 mL HA (Hyalgan®)

3 – 3 × 2 mL saline water

In all cases, including the sham injections, 1 mL of 1% lidocaine was added to the syringe

Paskins et al. [46]

1 – receive advice and education (best current treatment (BCT))

2 – BCT + 40 mg/ml triamcinolone and 4 ml 1% lidocaine

3 – BCT + 5 ml 1% Lidocaine

Kullenberg et al. [47]

1 – CS (80 mg triamcinolone acetonide)

2 – LA (1% mepivacaine)

Lambert et al. [48]

1—placebo (10 mg bupivacaine, 2 ml saline)

2—corticosteroid treatment (10 mg bupivacaine, 40 mg triamcinolone hexacetonide)

Aksoy et al. [49]

1 – CS triamcinolone

2 – Sodium hyaluronate 88 mg/4 ml

De Rezende et al. [50]

0 – lavage and triamcinolone (20 mg)(1 ml) and 2 ml of lidocaine

1 – lavage, triamcinolone and 2 ml hylan G-F20 and 2 ml of lidocaine

2 – lavage, triamcinolone, and 4 ml of hylan G-F20 and 2 ml of lidocaine

3 – lavage, triamcinolone and 6 ml of hylan G-F20 and 2 ml of lidocaine

Jurgensmeier et al. [51]

1 – 2 × IA 2 ml injections of hylan G-F 20

2 – 1 × IA injection of 2 ml (40 mg) methylprednisolone + 1 × sham injection

Spitzer et al. [52]

2 × IA 2 ml injections of hylan G-F 20

Or

1 × IA injection of 2 ml methylprednisolone + 1 × sham injection