Table 3 Summary of characteristics in included papers
Study | Sample | Dropouts | Study Design | Population | Intervention | Follow up period | Outcome Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young et al. (2012) [45] | 121 referred 110 participated 65% female 55 received triamcinolone + bupivacaine, 55 received sterile water + triamcinolone + bupivaciane | 11 excluded 8 withdrawn | Block Randomisation | UK patients Age 20–93 | 1 injection per group, received once Intra articular fluoroscopically guided 40 mg triamcinolone + 2 mg bupivacaine (3 ml), 40 mg triamcinolone + 2 mg bupivacaine  + 6 ml sterile water (9 ml) | 3 months | WOMAC and Oxford pain chart |
Qvistgaard et al. (2006) [41] | 185 referred 81 excluded 101 included 64% female 33 received HA 36—Saline 32—CS | 81 excluded 6 lost to follow up 7 discontinued 3 withdrew consent | Double blind, randomized controlled trial with three-armed parallel group design | Denmark patients Age 28–88 | IA injection, ultrasound guided 1—one injection with 1 mL (40 mg Depo-medrol®) methylprednisolone CS followed by two sham injections 2—three injections of 2 mL HA (Hyalgan®) 3—three intra-articular injections of 2 mL saline water In all cases, including the sham injections, 1 mL of 1% lidocaine was added to the syringe The three intra-articular injections were given at 14 days interval Kellgren Lawrence grade 1–4 | 3 months | Primary outcome—‘pain on walking’ VAS scale Secondary outcome—‘pain at rest’ VAS, Lequesne score, and WOMAC |
Paskins et al. (2022) [46] | 199 patients 57% female 66—IA CS + LA 66—LA + education 67—Education | 16 withdrew (4 no reason given) | Hip Injection Trial (HIT), a pragmatic, three arm, parallel group, single blind, randomised controlled trial | UK patients Age > 40 | IA injection, ultrasound guided 67—receive advice and education (best current treatment (BCT)) 66 – BCT + 40 mg/ml triamcinolone and 4 ml 1% lidocaine 66 – BCT + 5 ml 1% Lidocaine | 6 months | Main—NRS of hip pain intensity Secondary – pain, stiffness and physical function (WOMAC) |
Kullenberg et al. (2004) [47] | 80 patients 40—IA CS 40—LA | Not stated, all LA group withdrew at 12 weeks due to lack of results | Single Blind, prospective study | Swedish patients Group 1 – mean age = 67.3 ± 7.7 years Group 2—72.7 ± 6.4 years | IA injection, fluoroscopically guided 2 Groups 1 – N = 40 – CS (80 mg triamcinolone acetonide) 2 – N = 40 – LA (1% mepivacaine) Ahlback grade 2 or worse Function – 5 grade Katz and Akpom scale Movement—Goniometer | 6 months | Pain measured by VAS before and after injection with reference to pain at rest and on bearing weight |
Lambert et al. (2007) [48] | 211 referred 52 participated 59% female 21 – placebo 31—CS | 159 excluded 33 withdrew (8 lost to follow up) | Randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial | Canadian patients Age > 40 Placebo – age—56.9 ± 11 CS – age—65.6 ± 11 | Fluoroscopically guided IA injection 1—placebo (10 mg bipuvicaine, 2 ml saline) (n = 21) 2—corticosteroid treatment (10 mg bipuvicaine, 40 mg triamcinolone hexacetonide) (n = 31) | 6 months | Primary outcome—pain improvement response using WOMAC Secondary outcomes – WOMAC scores on stiffness and function, and VAS scores SF-36 compartment scores |
Aksoy et al. (2022) [49] | 137 referred 95 participants 37% females 48 – CS 47—HA | 29 excluded 13 lost to follow up | Retrospective comparative study, single blind | Turkish patients CS – age—64.54 ± 9.70, HA – age—62.53 ± 13.43, | Radiologically guided vs blinded IA injections Group 1 – CS triamcinolone Group 2 – Sodium hyaluronate 88 mg/4 ml Stage 2–4 Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade | 12 months | Primary—WOMAC pain scores, Secondary – KL grade |
De Rezende et al. (2020) [50] | 536 assessed 82 included 80% female 19—Group 0 – lavage + triamcinolone + lidocaine 19—Group 1 – lavage, triamcinolone + hylan G-F20 + lidocaine 22—Group 2 – lavage + triamcinolone + hylan G-F20 + lidocaine 22—Group 3 – lavage + triamcinolone + hylan G-F20 + lidocaine | 454 excluded 2 withdrew | Double blind, prospective, randomized clinical trial | Brazilian patients Mean age—62 | Intra articular injection Group 0 – lavage and triamcinolone (1 ml) and 2 ml of lidocaine Group 1 – lavage, triamcinolone and 2 ml hylan G-F20 and 2 ml of lidocaine Group 2 – lavage, triamcinolone, and 4 ml of hylan G-F20 and 2 ml of lidocaine Group 3 – lavage, triamcinolone and 6 ml of hylan G-F20 and 2 ml of lidocaine KL Grade 2 + 3 Hip OA | 12 months | VAS, range of motion, WOMAC and Lequesne |
Jurgensmeier et al. (2021) [51] | 120 patients (52 hips) 64% of total were female 30—CS 28—Ketorolac | Of 52 hips 6 patients lost to follow up | Double blind, randomized controlled trial | USA patients | Ultrasound guided IA injection Group 1 – 5 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 80 mg of triamcinolone Group 2 – 5 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 30 mg of Ketorolac Stage 2 KL grade or higher | 3 months | Primary – VAS Secondary—HOOS |
Spitzer et al. (2010) [52] | 312 patients 51% Female 156 CS 156 HA | 109 discontinued 4 lost to follow up 20 – adverse event 65—Wish to withdraw 4—Non-compliant 16—Other | Double blind, parallel randomised competitive trial | USA patients | Fluoroscopically guided IA injection 2 IA 2 ml injections of hylan G-F 20 Or 1 IA injection of 2 ml methylprednisolone + a sham injection | 6 months | Primary – WOMAC pain, function, stiffness and overall Secondary – Kellgren Lawrence, VAS |