Table 1 Risk of Bias Evaluation Table
Risk of Bias Checklist | Young et al. (2012) [45] | Qvistgaard et al. (2006) [41] | Paskins et al. (2022) [46] | Kullenberg et al. (2004) [47] | Lambert et al. (2007) [48] | Aksoy et al. (2022) [49] | De Rezende et al. (2020) [50] | Jurgensmeier et al. (2021) [51] | Spitzer et al. (2010) [52] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk – block randomization | High risk | Low risk—parallel group, three arm randomized controlled trial | Low risk | Low risk—Randomized placebo-controlled trial | High risk | Low risk—prospective, randomized clinical trial | Low risk—randomized controlled trial | Low risk – randomized comparative trial |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk—double blind | Low risk | Low risk – double blind | Low risk – double blind | Low risk – double blind |
Blinding of participants and researchers (performance bias) | High risk – patients blinded, radiologist injecting treatment wasn’t | Low risk | High risk – researchers unblinded | High risk – researchers unblinded | Low risk | High risk – researchers unblinded | Unclear risk – unclear if researchers are blinded | Low risk | Low risk |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) | High risk – patients lost to follow up without reason | Low risk | Low risk | High risk – patients lost to follow up without reason | High risk – patients lost to follow up without reason | High risk –patients lost to follow up | Low risk | High risk – patients lost to follow up without reason | High risk – patients lost to follow up |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Other bias | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Overall Assessment | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |