Table 3 Comparison of architecture characteristics and diffusion properties between healthy volunteer and TMDs groups with DTI and DSI

LPM

T_N (×10³)

5.24 ± 1.08

4.91 ± 1.71

0.253 ^c

19.74 ± 4.80

18.85 ± 7.52

0.486 ^c

T_ML (mm)

21.71 ± 2.17

21.17 ± 3 0.60

0.361 ^c

20.24 ± 2.83

21.10 ± 3.52

0.182 ^c

T_V (×10³ mm³)

10.43 ± 1.92

9.23 ± 2.56

0.010^c

10.55 ± 2.16

9.46 ± 2.82

0.033^c

FA

0.27 [0.25, 0.28]

0.28 [0.26,0.30]

0.003^d

0.26 [0.25, 0.28]

0.27 [0.25, 0.29]

0.216 ^d

MD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

1.70 ± 0.15

1.65 ± 0.15

0.146 ^c

2.29 ± 0.22

2.16 ± 0.22

0.005^c

AD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

2.17 [1.97, 2.27]

2.10 [1.96, 2.25]

0.354 ^d

2.92 ± 0.26

2.77 ± 0.26

0.006^c

RD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

1.47 ± 0.13

1.41 ± 0.12

0.025^c

1.97 ± 0.20

1.86 ± 0.21

0.006^c

QA

-

-

-

0.06 ± 0.01

0.05 ± 0.01

0.189 ^c

MM

T_N (×10³)

23.62 ± 5.74

23.09 ± 6.62

0.670 ^c

94.88 ± 21.09

87.86 ± 21.61

0.103 ^c

T_ML (mm)

31.40 ± 4.34

31.68 ± 5.59

0.782 ^c

29.80 ± 4.49

32.65 ± 4.65

0.002^c

T_V (×10³ mm³)

37.96 ± 8.45

33.55 ± 8.55

0.011^c

36.40 ± 8.06

31.82 ± 7.56

0.004^c

FA

0.27 ± 0.02

0.28 ± 0.03

0.027^c

0.26 ± 0.03

0.26 ± 0.02

0.841 ^c

MD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

1.61 ± 0.09

1.65 ± 0.11

0.056 ^c

1.82 ± 0.15

1.88 ± 0.15

0.040^c

AD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

2.05 [1.99, 2.13]

2.14 [2.03, 2.24]

0.009^d

2.33 ± 0.15

2.42 ± 0.18

0.016^c

RD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

1.38 ± 0.09

1.40 ± 0.10

0.236 ^c

1.56 ± 0.15

1.62 ± 0.14

0.073 ^c

QA

-

-

-

0.05 ± 0.01

0.05 ± 0.01

0.426 ^c

MPM

T_N (×10³)

6.34 [5.61, 7.23]

6.36 [4.13, 7.38]

0.208 ^d

24.96 ± 6.03

21.55 ± 5.98

0.006^c

T_ML (mm)

22.60 [21.06, 24.96]

22.16 [20.58, 24.13]

0.168 ^d

21.34 ± 3.06

21.35 ± 3.61

0.979 ^c

T_V (×10³ mm³)

12.07 [10.82, 14.39]

10.61 [8.13, 12.79]

0.001^d

12.19 [11.09, 13.93]

10.42 [8.46, 12.30]

< 0.001^d

FA

0.27 [0.25, 0.28]

0.28 [0.26, 0.29]

0.026^d

0.26 ± 0.02

0.25 ± 0.02

0.099 ^c

MD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

1.57 ± 0.10

1.59 ± 0.14

0.642 ^c

1.97 [1.86, 2.04]

2.03 [1.92, 2.13]

0.043^d

AD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

2.00 ± 0.14

2.05 ± 0.20

0.194 ^c

2.50 ± 0.18

2.57 ± 0.19

0.066 ^c

RD (×10^− 3 mm²/s)

1.36 [1.30, 1.42]

1.34 [1.28, 1.42]

0.530 ^d

1.68 [1.60, 1.78]

1.76 [1.65, 1.85]

0.040^d

QA

-

-

-

0.04 [0.04, 0.05]

0.04 [0.04, 0.05]

0.644 ^d